optuna.integration.cma 源代码

import math
import random

import numpy

import optuna
from optuna._imports import try_import
from optuna import distributions
from optuna.distributions import CategoricalDistribution
from optuna.distributions import DiscreteUniformDistribution
from optuna.distributions import IntUniformDistribution
from optuna.distributions import LogUniformDistribution
from optuna.distributions import UniformDistribution
from optuna.samplers import BaseSampler
from optuna.study import StudyDirection
from optuna.trial import TrialState
from optuna import type_checking

with try_import() as _imports:
    import cma

if type_checking.TYPE_CHECKING:
    from typing import Any  # NOQA
    from typing import Dict  # NOQA
    from typing import List  # NOQA
    from typing import Optional  # NOQA
    from typing import Set  # NOQA

    from optuna.distributions import BaseDistribution  # NOQA
    from optuna.trial import FrozenTrial  # NOQA
    from optuna.study import Study  # NOQA

# Minimum value of sigma0 to avoid ZeroDivisionError in cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy.
_MIN_SIGMA0 = 1e-10


[文档]class CmaEsSampler(BaseSampler): """A Sampler using cma library as the backend. Example: Optimize a simple quadratic function by using :class:`~optuna.integration.CmaEsSampler`. .. testcode:: import optuna def objective(trial): x = trial.suggest_uniform('x', -1, 1) y = trial.suggest_int('y', -1, 1) return x**2 + y sampler = optuna.integration.CmaEsSampler() study = optuna.create_study(sampler=sampler) study.optimize(objective, n_trials=20) Note that parallel execution of trials may affect the optimization performance of CMA-ES, especially if the number of trials running in parallel exceeds the population size. Args: x0: A dictionary of an initial parameter values for CMA-ES. By default, the mean of ``low`` and ``high`` for each distribution is used. Please refer to cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy_ for further details of ``x0``. sigma0: Initial standard deviation of CMA-ES. By default, ``sigma0`` is set to ``min_range / 6``, where ``min_range`` denotes the minimum range of the distributions in the search space. If distribution is categorical, ``min_range`` is ``len(choices) - 1``. Please refer to cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy_ for further details of ``sigma0``. cma_stds: A dictionary of multipliers of sigma0 for each parameters. The default value is 1.0. Please refer to cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy_ for further details of ``cma_stds``. seed: A random seed for CMA-ES. cma_opts: Options passed to the constructor of cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy_ class. Note that ``BoundaryHandler``, ``bounds``, ``CMA_stds`` and ``seed`` arguments in ``cma_opts`` will be ignored because it is added by :class:`~optuna.integration.CmaEsSampler` automatically. n_startup_trials: The independent sampling is used instead of the CMA-ES algorithm until the given number of trials finish in the same study. independent_sampler: A :class:`~optuna.samplers.BaseSampler` instance that is used for independent sampling. The parameters not contained in the relative search space are sampled by this sampler. The search space for :class:`~optuna.integration.CmaEsSampler` is determined by :func:`~optuna.samplers.intersection_search_space()`. If :obj:`None` is specified, :class:`~optuna.samplers.RandomSampler` is used as the default. .. seealso:: :class:`optuna.samplers` module provides built-in independent samplers such as :class:`~optuna.samplers.RandomSampler` and :class:`~optuna.samplers.TPESampler`. warn_independent_sampling: If this is :obj:`True`, a warning message is emitted when the value of a parameter is sampled by using an independent sampler. Note that the parameters of the first trial in a study are always sampled via an independent sampler, so no warning messages are emitted in this case. .. _cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy: http://cma.gforge.inria.fr/apidocs-pycma/\ cma.evolution_strategy.CMAEvolutionStrategy.html """ def __init__( self, x0=None, # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] sigma0=None, # type: Optional[float] cma_stds=None, # type: Optional[Dict[str, float]] seed=None, # type: Optional[int] cma_opts=None, # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] n_startup_trials=1, # type: int independent_sampler=None, # type: Optional[BaseSampler] warn_independent_sampling=True, # type: bool ): # type: (...) -> None _imports.check() self._x0 = x0 self._sigma0 = sigma0 self._cma_stds = cma_stds if seed is None: seed = random.randint(1, 2 ** 32) self._cma_opts = cma_opts or {} self._cma_opts["seed"] = seed self._cma_opts.setdefault("verbose", -2) self._n_startup_trials = n_startup_trials self._independent_sampler = independent_sampler or optuna.samplers.RandomSampler(seed=seed) self._warn_independent_sampling = warn_independent_sampling self._logger = optuna.logging.get_logger(__name__) self._search_space = optuna.samplers.IntersectionSearchSpace()
[文档] def reseed_rng(self) -> None: self._cma_opts["seed"] = random.randint(1, 2 ** 32) self._independent_sampler.reseed_rng()
def infer_relative_search_space(self, study, trial): # type: (Study, FrozenTrial) -> Dict[str, BaseDistribution] search_space = {} for name, distribution in self._search_space.calculate(study).items(): if distribution.single(): # `cma` cannot handle distributions that contain just a single value, so we skip # them. Note that the parameter values for such distributions are sampled in # `Trial`. continue search_space[name] = distribution return search_space def sample_independent(self, study, trial, param_name, param_distribution): # type: (Study, FrozenTrial, str, BaseDistribution) -> float if self._warn_independent_sampling: complete_trials = [t for t in study.trials if t.state == TrialState.COMPLETE] if len(complete_trials) >= self._n_startup_trials: self._log_independent_sampling(trial, param_name) return self._independent_sampler.sample_independent( study, trial, param_name, param_distribution ) def sample_relative(self, study, trial, search_space): # type: (Study, FrozenTrial, Dict[str, BaseDistribution]) -> Dict[str, float] if len(search_space) == 0: return {} if len(search_space) == 1: self._logger.info( "`CmaEsSampler` does not support optimization of 1-D search space. " "`{}` is used instead of `CmaEsSampler`.".format( self._independent_sampler.__class__.__name__ ) ) self._warn_independent_sampling = False return {} complete_trials = [t for t in study.trials if t.state == TrialState.COMPLETE] if len(complete_trials) < self._n_startup_trials: return {} if self._x0 is None: self._x0 = self._initialize_x0(search_space) if self._sigma0 is None: sigma0 = self._initialize_sigma0(search_space) else: sigma0 = self._sigma0 sigma0 = max(sigma0, _MIN_SIGMA0) optimizer = _Optimizer(search_space, self._x0, sigma0, self._cma_stds, self._cma_opts) trials = study.trials last_told_trial_number = optimizer.tell(trials, study.direction) return optimizer.ask(trials, last_told_trial_number) @staticmethod def _initialize_x0(search_space): # type: (Dict[str, BaseDistribution]) -> Dict[str, Any] x0 = {} for name, distribution in search_space.items(): # TODO(nzw0301) support IntLogUniform if isinstance(distribution, UniformDistribution): x0[name] = numpy.mean([distribution.high, distribution.low]) elif isinstance(distribution, DiscreteUniformDistribution): x0[name] = numpy.mean([distribution.high, distribution.low]) elif isinstance(distribution, IntUniformDistribution): x0[name] = int(numpy.mean([distribution.high, distribution.low])) elif isinstance(distribution, LogUniformDistribution): log_high = math.log(distribution.high) log_low = math.log(distribution.low) x0[name] = math.exp(numpy.mean([log_high, log_low])) elif isinstance(distribution, CategoricalDistribution): index = (len(distribution.choices) - 1) // 2 x0[name] = distribution.choices[index] else: raise NotImplementedError( "The distribution {} is not implemented.".format(distribution) ) return x0 @staticmethod def _initialize_sigma0(search_space): # type: (Dict[str, BaseDistribution]) -> float sigma0s = [] for name, distribution in search_space.items(): # TODO(nzw0301) support IntLogUniform if isinstance(distribution, UniformDistribution): sigma0s.append((distribution.high - distribution.low) / 6) elif isinstance(distribution, DiscreteUniformDistribution): sigma0s.append((distribution.high - distribution.low) / 6) elif isinstance(distribution, IntUniformDistribution): sigma0s.append((distribution.high - distribution.low) / 6) elif isinstance(distribution, LogUniformDistribution): log_high = math.log(distribution.high) log_low = math.log(distribution.low) sigma0s.append((log_high - log_low) / 6) elif isinstance(distribution, CategoricalDistribution): sigma0s.append((len(distribution.choices) - 1) / 6) else: raise NotImplementedError( "The distribution {} is not implemented.".format(distribution) ) return min(sigma0s) def _log_independent_sampling(self, trial, param_name): # type: (FrozenTrial, str) -> None self._logger.warning( "The parameter '{}' in trial#{} is sampled independently " "by using `{}` instead of `CmaEsSampler` " "(optimization performance may be degraded). " "You can suppress this warning by setting `warn_independent_sampling` " "to `False` in the constructor of `CmaEsSampler`, " "if this independent sampling is intended behavior.".format( param_name, trial.number, self._independent_sampler.__class__.__name__ ) )
class _Optimizer(object): def __init__( self, search_space, # type: Dict[str, BaseDistribution] x0, # type: Dict[str, Any] sigma0, # type: float cma_stds, # type: Optional[Dict[str, float]] cma_opts, # type: Dict[str, Any] ): # type: (...) -> None self._search_space = search_space self._param_names = list(sorted(self._search_space.keys())) lows = [] highs = [] for param_name in self._param_names: dist = self._search_space[param_name] if isinstance(dist, CategoricalDistribution): # Handle categorical values by ordinal representation. # TODO(Yanase): Support one-hot representation. lows.append(-0.5) highs.append(len(dist.choices) - 0.5) elif isinstance(dist, UniformDistribution) or isinstance(dist, LogUniformDistribution): lows.append(self._to_cma_params(search_space, param_name, dist.low)) highs.append(self._to_cma_params(search_space, param_name, dist.high)) elif isinstance(dist, DiscreteUniformDistribution): r = dist.high - dist.low lows.append(0 - 0.5 * dist.q) highs.append(r + 0.5 * dist.q) elif isinstance(dist, IntUniformDistribution): lows.append(dist.low - 0.5) highs.append(dist.high + 0.5) else: raise NotImplementedError("The distribution {} is not implemented.".format(dist)) # Set initial params. initial_cma_params = [] for param_name in self._param_names: initial_cma_params.append( self._to_cma_params(self._search_space, param_name, x0[param_name]) ) cma_option = { "BoundaryHandler": cma.BoundTransform, "bounds": [lows, highs], } if cma_stds: cma_option["CMA_stds"] = [cma_stds.get(name, 1.0) for name in self._param_names] cma_opts.update(cma_option) self._es = cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy(initial_cma_params, sigma0, cma_opts) def tell(self, trials, study_direction): # type: (List[FrozenTrial], StudyDirection) -> int complete_trials = self._collect_target_trials(trials, target_states={TrialState.COMPLETE}) popsize = self._es.popsize generation = len(complete_trials) // popsize last_told_trial_number = -1 for i in range(generation): xs = [] ys = [] for t in complete_trials[i * popsize : (i + 1) * popsize]: x = [ self._to_cma_params(self._search_space, name, t.params[name]) for name in self._param_names ] xs.append(x) ys.append(t.value) last_told_trial_number = t.number if study_direction == StudyDirection.MAXIMIZE: ys = [-1 * y if y is not None else y for y in ys] # Calling `ask` is required to avoid RuntimeError which claims that `tell` should only # be called once per iteration. self._es.ask() self._es.tell(xs, ys) return last_told_trial_number def ask(self, trials, last_told_trial_number): # type: (List[FrozenTrial], int) -> Dict[str, Any] individual_index = len(self._collect_target_trials(trials, last_told_trial_number)) popsize = self._es.popsize # individual_index may exceed the population size due to the parallel execution of multiple # trials. In such cases, `cma.cma.CMAEvolutionStrategy.ask` is called multiple times in an # iteration, and that may affect the optimization performance of CMA-ES. # In addition, please note that some trials may suggest the same parameters when multiple # samplers invoke this method simultaneously. while individual_index >= popsize: individual_index -= popsize self._es.ask() cma_params = self._es.ask()[individual_index] ret_val = {} for param_name, value in zip(self._param_names, cma_params): ret_val[param_name] = self._to_optuna_params(self._search_space, param_name, value) return ret_val def _is_compatible(self, trial): # type: (FrozenTrial) -> bool # Thanks to `intersection_search_space()` function, in sequential optimization, # the parameters of complete trials are always compatible with the search space. # # However, in distributed optimization, incompatible trials may complete on a worker # just after an intersection search space is calculated on another worker. for name, distribution in self._search_space.items(): if name not in trial.params: return False distributions.check_distribution_compatibility(distribution, trial.distributions[name]) param_value = trial.params[name] param_internal_value = distribution.to_internal_repr(param_value) if not distribution._contains(param_internal_value): return False return True def _collect_target_trials(self, trials, last_told=-1, target_states=None): # type: (List[FrozenTrial], int, Optional[Set[TrialState]]) -> List[FrozenTrial] target_trials = [t for t in trials if t.number > last_told] target_trials = [t for t in target_trials if self._is_compatible(t)] if target_states is not None: target_trials = [t for t in target_trials if t.state in target_states] return target_trials @staticmethod def _to_cma_params(search_space, param_name, optuna_param_value): # type: (Dict[str, BaseDistribution], str, Any) -> float dist = search_space[param_name] if isinstance(dist, LogUniformDistribution): return math.log(optuna_param_value) elif isinstance(dist, DiscreteUniformDistribution): return optuna_param_value - dist.low elif isinstance(dist, CategoricalDistribution): return dist.choices.index(optuna_param_value) return optuna_param_value @staticmethod def _to_optuna_params(search_space, param_name, cma_param_value): # type: (Dict[str, BaseDistribution], str, float) -> Any dist = search_space[param_name] if isinstance(dist, LogUniformDistribution): return math.exp(cma_param_value) if isinstance(dist, DiscreteUniformDistribution): v = numpy.round(cma_param_value / dist.q) * dist.q + dist.low # v may slightly exceed range due to round-off errors. return float(min(max(v, dist.low), dist.high)) if isinstance(dist, IntUniformDistribution): r = numpy.round((cma_param_value - dist.low) / dist.step) v = r * dist.step + dist.low return v if isinstance(dist, CategoricalDistribution): v = int(numpy.round(cma_param_value)) return dist.choices[v] return cma_param_value